everyone in a particular society recognizes social roles: father, mother, child, teacher, student, police officer, store clerk, doctor, judge, political leader, and so on. every culture expects certain types of behavior from people who play certain social roles. anyone occupying a given position is expected to adopt a specific attitude. a store clerk is expected to take care of customers patiently and politely, and a judge is expected to make wise and fair decisions about laws.
informal social roles are not always easy to recognize, but can be identified with careful research. they are key indicators of a group’s health and happiness. within the family, one informal role is the family hero, the person who defines integrity and upholds family morality. others are the family arbitrator, the person who keeps the peace, and the family historian, often a grandparent, who relays valuable cultural information that maintains both the family and the larger society. and finally, there is the family friend, the person who providesfort andpanionship to the family members with emotional needs.
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the foresters of today, like pinchot and fernow in the past, plan and supervise the growth, protection, and utilization of trees. they make maps of forest areas, estimate the amount of standing timber and future growth, and manage timber sales. they also protect the trees from fire, harmful insects, and disease. some foresters may be responsible for other duties, ranging from wildlife protection and watershed management to the development and supervision of camps, parks, and grazing lands. others do research, provide information to forest owners and to the general public, and teach in colleges and universities.
1.why does the authorpare pinchot and fernow to the foresters of today?
a.to describe different philosophies of forestry management
b.to show how the field of forestry has changed in 100 years
c.to argue for the expansion of university forestry programs
d.to introduce the type of work done by professional foresters
2.all of the following are mentioned in the passage except
a.what foresters do besides protecting trees
b.how to select a good school of forestry
c.people who promoted forestry as a career
d.management of timber and timber sales
3. think about how professors can contribute their wisdom to the public affairs. write down your contemplations in a essay which have a minimum of 100 words.
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1.a 2.c
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the discovery of freezing has changed our eating habits more than any other related invention. because many foods contain large amounts of water, they freeze solidly at or just below 32 degrees fahrenheit. when we lower the temperature to well below the freezing point and prevent air from prating the food, we retard the natural process of decay that causes food to spoil. freezing preserves the flavor and nutrients of food better than any other preservation method. when properly prepared and packed, foods and vege推荐s can be stored in the freezer for one year.
most vege推荐s and some fruits need blanching before they are frozen, and to avoid this step would be an expensive mistake. the result would be a product largely devoid of vitamins and minerals. proper blanching curtails the enzyme action, which vege推荐s require during their growth and ripening but which continues after maturation and will lead to decay unless it is almost entirely stopped by blanching. this process is done in two ways, either by plunging vege推荐s in a large amount of rapidly boiling water for a few minutes or by steaming them. for steam blanching, it is important that timing begin when the water at the bottom of the pot is boiling. different vege推荐s require different blanching times, and specified times for each vege推荐 must be observed. under-blanching is like no blanching at all, and over-blanching, while stopping the enzyme action, will produce soggy, discolored vege推荐s.
1.why does the author mention 32 degrees fahrenheit?
a.to suggest the storage temperature for most foods
b.to identify the freezing point of water
c.to state the correct setting for a freezer
d.to give the temperature for blanching
2.why does the author use the term expensive mistake in discussing blanching?
a.to state that blanching is expensive but very effective
b.to warn that not blanching will harm the food’s nutritional value
c.to emphasize the importance of blanching only a few items at a time
d.to show that many people waste food by blanching improperly
3. in our daily life, there are a lot of traditional and scientific methods to maintain the foods’ nutrients, please write an essay to introduce the process of one way.
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the queen anne house
the house style that dominated american housing during the 1880s and 1890s was known as queen anne, a curious name for an american style. the name was, in fact, a historical accident, originating with fashionable architects in victorian england who coined it with apparently no reason other than its pleasing sound. the queen anne style was loosely based on medieval structures built long before 1702, the beginning year of queen anne’s reign.
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one of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language ismentary. an oral reporting of ongoing activity,mentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. the most frequently occurring type ofmentary may be that connected with sports and games. in sports there are two kinds ofmentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “play-by-play”mentary narrates the sports event, while “color –adding” or “color”mentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post-event evaluation. colormentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or morementators.
play-by-playmentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. play-by-playmentary is reported in present tense. some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” one linguist characterizes radio play-by-playmentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen…and provide no feedback to the speaker.” it is these characteristics that make this kind ofmentary unlike any other type of speech situation.
the chief feature of play-by-playmentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. there is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. for example “smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. another example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is johnson.” play-by-playmentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. the rate is steady and there is little silence. the structure of thementary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. in racing, the structure is even simpler, with thementator informing the listener of the varying order of thepetitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.
1.which of the following statements is true of colormentary?
a.it narrates the action of the event in real time, using the present tense.
b.it is a monologue given to an audience that does not respond to the speaker.
c.it is steady and fluent because it must keep up with the action of the event.
d.it gives background on the event, and interprets and evaluates the event.
2.why does the author quote a linguist in paragraph 2?
a.to describe the uniqueness of radio play-by-play
b.to show how technical sportsmentary is
c.to give examples of play-by-playmentary
d.to criticize past trends in sportsmentary
3.it can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely agrees with which of the following statements about sportsmentary?
a.colormentary is more important than play-by-playmentary
b.sportsmentators do not need special knowledge of the sport.
cmentary enhances the excitement and enjoyment of sports.
d.sportsmentators should work hard to improve their grammar.