09年职称英语理工类临考攻略精华(1)

　　理工类

　　一级重点(2009年新增文章)

　　第一篇 Avalanche and Its Safety (c)

　　An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are 1 the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.

　　All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope 2 supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is 3 to cause an avalanche, 4 aplex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.

　　Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low 5 of avalanche. Snow does not 6 significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not 7 easily on flat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow's angle of rest is 8 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb is: A slope that is 9 enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally, avalanche risk increases with 10 ; that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.

　　Due to theplexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe. good avalanche safety is a continuous 11 , including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather 12 , and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also 13 the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid 14 to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are 15 or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.

　　练习：

　　1. A among B of c to D in

　　2. A when B that c who D whose

　　3. A mostly B likely c clearly D surely

　　4. A are B will be c is D was

　　5. A weight B form c risk D work

　　6. A fall B flow c roll D gather

　　7. A fall B flow c roll D gather

　　8. A among B between c with D for

　　9. A thick B thin c flat D rocky

　　10. A use B time c snow D rain

　　11. A journey B trip c fact D process

　　12. A conditions B reports c forecast D event

　　13. A increase B reduce c improve D remove

　　14. A price B effort c attention D money

　　15. A missing B grown c big D fresh

　　雪崩和安全问题

　　雪崩是雪掺杂着空气和水沿着山体突然迅猛地滑动造成的。雪崩是造成山区人们生命和财产安全的最大危险之一。

　　所有雪崩都是由于物质的过渡负荷造成，通常是积雪堆积过厚，很不稳固，超出了山坡面的承载能力。要确定山坡的临界承载量，可能造成突然雪崩的负荷量是一项很复杂的任务，需要衡量多个因素。

　　通常倾斜度小于25度，大于60度的山坡发生雪崩的危险要小一些。积雪不会在陡峭的山坡上大量堆积，同样也不会在平缓的山坡上快速滑动。当雪在静止状态下的角度在35_45度之间，最可能发生人为触发的雪崩。人为引发雪崩的临界角度是38度，是最易人为引发雪崩的角度。常规经验是：一个平缓的足以堆积积雪，同时陡峭的适合人们滑雪的山坡，无论角度如何，都有可能产生雪崩。此外，雪崩的危险随着使用的增加而增加，换言之，滑雪者活动得越频繁，雪崩的可能性越大。

　　由于雪崩研究的复杂性，冬天在人烟稀少的地区旅行从来不是百分之百的安全。很好地躲避雪崩，保持安全是一个连续的过程，包括选择路线、检查积雪、了解天气状况及其他人为因素。以下几个广为人知的好习惯也可以降低风险：如果当地权威部门发布了雪崩警报，你应当予以考虑，加以注意。绝不要不加审度，就立刻接受他人意见。积雪自形成的那时就几乎注定要发生变化。认真观察地形，注意明显的雪崩路径：没有植物或植物被毁坏的地方。不要在那些可能引发雪崩的人或事物下面行走。

　　答案：ABBcc DBBcA DABcD

　　第二篇 Taking a Nap During the Day (B)

　　medical experts say most Americans do not get 1 sleep. They say more Americans need to rest for a short period in the middle of the day. They are advising people to sleep lightly before 2 with other activities.

　　one study earlier this year found that persons who sleep for a few minutes during the day were less 3 to die of heart disease. The study followed more than 2,300 greek adults 4 about six years. Adults who rested for half an hour 5 three times a week had a 37 present lower risk of dying from heart disease than those who did not nap.

　　Study organizers said the strongest evidence was in working men. They said naps might improve 6 by mitigating tension caused by work.

　　Some European and Latin American businesses have supported the 7 of napping for many years. They urge people to 8 work, go home and have a nap before returning. In the united States, somepanies let workers rest briefly in their offices. They believe this reduces 9 and accidents, and 10 increases the amount of work a person can do.

　　Sleep experts say it is likely that people make more mistakes at work than at other times. They say people should not carry out important duties when they feel 11 And they say the best thing to do is to take a nap. About twenty minutes of rest is 12 you need. Experts say this provides extra energy and can increase your effectiveness 13 the end of the day. But experts warn that a nap 14 last no more than twenty to thirty minutes. A longer nap will put the body into deep sleep and waking up will be 15 .

　　练习：

　　1. A sweet B sound c bad D enough

　　2. A checking B sharing c continuing D meeting

　　3. A lovely B likely c fondly D finely

　　4. A for B at c in D with

　　5. A at least B at most c at last D at first

　　6. A ability B health c thinking D life

　　7. A experiment B reform c idea D way

　　8. A repeat B improve c change D leave

　　9. A work B mistakes c energy D time

　　10. A never B seldom c too D also

　　11. A ready B good c sleepy D awake

　　12. A all B few c any D nothing

　　13. A unless B while c until D during

　　14. A would B may c might D should

　　15. A helpful B difficult c easy D happy

　　白天打个盹

　　医学专家称大多数美国人睡眠不足。他们说更多的美国人需要在一天中间做短暂休息。他们建议人们在继续其他活动之前小睡一会。

　　今年早期的一个研究发现，白天睡几分钟的那些人死于心脏病的可能性较小。该研究六年期间，跟踪2300名希腊成年人。研究显示：成年人白天打盹半小时，一周三次，其心脏病致死的概率比不打盹的人要低37%。研究组织者称最有力的证据来自于工作岗位上的人群。他们说打盹可以减轻工作压力，从而改善健康。

　　一些欧洲和拉美的行业多年来一直支持白天打一会盹的观点。他们敦促人们放下工作回家去打个盹后再回来工作。在美国，有些公司让员工在办公室稍作休息。他们认为这不仅会减少失误和事故，还会增加工作量。

　　睡眠专家认为人们很可能工作时比其他时候犯错更多。他们认为人们不该在感到困倦的时候承担重要任务。此时最该做的是打个盹。你只需要休息20分钟。专家称这会给你的一天带来额外的能量和效率。但专家也提到，打盹不要超过20至30分钟。打盹时间稍长就会使身体陷入深层睡眠，很难醒来。

　　答案：DcBAA DBcDB DcAcDB www.gaofen123.com

　　第三篇 cell Phone Lets Your Secret out (A)

　　Your cell phone holds secrets about you. Besides the names and 1 that you've programmed into it, traces of your DNA linger on the device, according to a new study.

　　DNA is gic material that 2 in every cell. Like your fingerprint, your DNA is unique to you-- 3 you have an identical twin. Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood, saliva, or hair left 4 at the scene of a crime. The results often help detectives identify 5 and their victims. Your cell phone can reveal more about you 6 you might think.

　　meghan J. mcFadden, a scientist at mcmaster university in Hamilton, ontario, heard about a crime in which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the 7 This made her wonder whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones--even when no blood was involved. 8 she and colleague margaret wallace of the city university of New York analyzed the flip-open phones of 10 volunteers. They used swabs to collect 9 traces of the users from two parts of the phone: the outside, where the user holds it, and the 10 , which is placed at the user's ear.

　　The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly 11 alcohol. The aim of washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA. The owners got ,Heir phones 12 for another week. Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once more.

　　The scientists discovered DNA that 13 to the phone's speaker on each of the phones. Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone, but those swabs also picked up DNA that belonged to other people who had apparently also handled the phone. 14 , DNA showed up even in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed. That suggests that washing won't remove all traces of evidence from a criminal's device. So cell phones can now be added to the 15 of clues that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.

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