研究生管理专业入学考试机考模拟阅读理解5(1)

标签：GMAT考试试题,GMAT考试真题,http://www.gaofen123.com 研究生管理专业入学考试机考模拟阅读理解5(1),
how many really suffer as a result of labor mar-

ket problems? this is one of the most critical

yet contentious sociapolicy questions. in many ways,

our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hard-

(5) ship. unemployment does not have the same dire

consequences today as it did in the 1930 s when

most of the unemployed were primary breadwin-

ners, when ie and earnings were usually much

closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there

(10) were no countervailing social programs for those

failing in the labor market. increasing affluence, the

rise of families with more than one wage earner, the

growing predominance of secondary earners among

the unemployed, and improved social welfare pro-

(15) tection have unquestionably mitigated the conse-

quences of joblessness. earnings and ie data

also overstate the dimensions of hardship. among

the millions with hourly earnings at or below the

minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority

(20) are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent

families. most of those counted by the poverty

statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family

responsibilities which keep them out of the labor

force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an

(25) accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.

　　yet there are also many ways our social statistics

underestimate the degree of labor-market-related

hardship. the unemployment counts exclude the

millions of fully employed workers whose wages are

(30) so low that their families remain in poverty. low

wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment

frequently interact to undermine the capacity for

self-support. since the number experiencing jobless-

ness at some time during the year is several times

(35)the number unemployed in any month, those who

suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or

exceed average annual unemployment, even though

only a minority of the jobless in any month really

suffer. for every person counted in the monthly

(40) unemployment tallies, there is another working

part-time because of the inability to find full-time

work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a

job. finally, ie transfers in our country have

always focused on the elderly, disabled, and depen-

(45)dent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so

that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind

transfers does not necessarily mean that those fail-

ing in the labor market are adequately protected.

　　as a result of such contradictory evidence, it is

(50) uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a

result of thousands or the tens of millions, and,

hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be to l-

erated or must be countered by job creation and

(55) economic stimulus. there is only one area of agree-

ment in this debate---that the existing poverty,

employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate

for one their primary applications, measuring the

consequences of labor market problems.

1. which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?

(a) what causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering

(b) why ie measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty

(c) which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment

(d) where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures

(e) how social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities

2. the author uses "labor market problems" in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?

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