关于语音的知识

于语音的知识

1.关于语音的几个概念

1)  字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,

2)  音标：词的语音形式。

3)  音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。

4)  音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap"ple, stu"dent, tea"cher, un"der"stand

5)  元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。

6)  辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。

7)  开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi

8)  闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it

9)  重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。

2. 元音：(注意：下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)

1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling

2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth

3) [e] bed, desk, head,

4) [ ] bad, land, bank, stamp

5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt

6) [ ] hot, want

7) [  ] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught

8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup,

9) [u] look, put, women, could

10) [ ] cup, come, blood, rough

11) [ ] girl, work, serve, nurse

12) [ ] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday

13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,

14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye

15) [  ] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow

16) [au] house, town

17) [  ] boy, oil

18) [  ] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,

19) [  ] pear, care, there, fair

20) [  ] tour, poor,

3. 容易混淆的元音

1) [e] [] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land

2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid

3) [e] [AI] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide

4) [au] [  ] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause

5) [au] [ ] found fond; gown gone; down don

4. 辅音

1) [p] pen,

2) [b] bed, comb

3) [t] tell,

4) [d], day, played, wanted

5) [k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box

6) [g] big, go, guess, language

7) [m] man

8) [n] nine, knife, autumn

9) [ ] bank, uncle, English, sing,

10) [l] land, world

11) [r] read, write,

12) [f] five, cough, laugh

13) [v] voice, of

14) [ ] think,

15) [ ] this, bathe

16) [s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf

17) [z] zoo, close,

18) [ ] sure, she, social, nation

19) [ ] pleasure,

20) [h] hot, who, hour

21) [w] wall, what, answer

22) [j] yes

23) [  ] child, teach, catch

24) [  ] joke, bridge,

25) [ts] boats

26) [dz] goods

27) [tr] tree

28) [dr] dream

5. 容易混淆的辅音

1)  [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well

2)  [s] [ ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math

3)  [z] [ ] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes

4)  [n] [ ] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang



6. 读音规则

1)  重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)

2)  非重读音节 [ ] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday

7. 特殊读音

1）音的连读：前面的词以元辅音结尾，后面的单词以元音开头，这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all

2）失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme

3）音的同化：两个特殊的音碰到一起，会发出变异成特殊的音。例如：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can"t you see it? last year, this year,



8. 重音

1)单词重音

A)双音节词

a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry

b) 有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。a"bout, be"lieve, ad"dress, de"cide, re"port, con"demn, res"pect, com"pare, in"form, dis"cuss,  im"press, mis"take, en"force, pre"pare, em"ploy, per"mit, es"cape, pro"duce, ex"claim,trans"late

c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre-  等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。"record, re"cord; "insult, in"sult; "conduct, con"duct; "present pre"sent; "content, con"tent

d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词，有两个重音。"out"side, "re"tell, "well-"known, "un"real, "fif"teen, "Chi"nese, "pre-"war, "post-"war

B)多音节词

a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。"difficult, "communist, "family, e"conomy, oppor"tunity,de"mocracy.

b) 有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。"carefully, in"definite, "comfortable, con"ductor, ac"cording, dis"turbance, "complicated,es"tablishment,

c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour"teous, cal"ligraphy, edi"torial, his"torian, peri"odic, mathe"matics, ex"perience,suf"ficient, i"dentify, trans"lation, re"ligious, curi"osity, pro"tective

d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。enter"tain, emplo"yee, mountai"neer, Japa"nese, ciga"rette

2)句子重音

A) 英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重

B) 英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。

C) 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be

D) 实词不重读的特殊情况

a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks.

b)  一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station.

c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one.

d)  感叹词中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!

e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street.

f)this在这些短语中，this morning/afternoon/evening

E)虚词重读的特殊情况

a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词be在句首，句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can.  I don"t like you. He isn"t a worker.

b) 情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.

c) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.

d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, I"ll visit you. When he comes, I"ll tell him.

e)反身代词表示强调。He couldn"t come himself.a